Saturday, April 29, 2006

since we were just looking at starlings on Belden

Songbirds May Be Able to Learn Grammar

By SETH BORENSTEIN, AP Science Writer Wed Apr 26, 9:59 PM ET

WASHINGTON - The simplest grammar, long thought to be one of the skills that separate man from beast, can be taught to a common songbird, new research suggests.

Starlings learned to differentiate between a regular birdsong "sentence" and one containing a clause or another sentence of warbling, according to a study in Thursday's journal Nature. It took University of California at San Diego psychology researcher Tim Gentner a month and about 15,000 training attempts, with food as a reward, to get the birds to recognize the most basic of grammar in their own bird language.

Yet what they learned may shake up the field of linguistics.

While many animals can roar, sing, grunt or otherwise make noise, linguists have contended for years that the key to distinguishing language skills goes back to our elementary school teachers and basic grammar. Sentences that contain an explanatory clause are something that humans can recognize, but not animals, researchers figured.

Two years ago, a top research team tried to get tamarin monkeys to recognize such phrasing, but they failed. The results were seen as upholding famed linguist Noam Chomsky's theory that "recursive grammar" is uniquely human and key to the facility to acquire language.

But after training, nine out of Gentner's 11 songbirds picked out the bird song with inserted warbling or rattling bird phrases about 90 percent of the time. Two continued to flunk grammar.

"We were dumbfounded that they could do as well as they did," Gentner said. "It's clear that they can do it."

Gentner trained the birds using three buttons hanging from the wall. When the bird pecked the button it would play different versions of bird songs that Gentner generated, some with inserted clauses and some without. If the song followed a certain pattern, birds were supposed to hit the button again with their beaks; if it followed a different pattern they were supposed to do nothing. If the birds recognized the correct pattern, they were rewarded with food.

Gentner said he was so unprepared for the starlings' successful learning that he hadn't bothered to record the songs the starlings sang in response.

"They might have been singing them back," Gentner said.

To put the trained starlings' grammar skills in perspective, Gentner said they don't match up to either of his sons, ages 2 and 9 months.

What the experiment shows is that language and animal cognition is a lot more complicated than scientists once thought and that there is no "single magic bullet" that separates man from beast, said Jeffrey Elman, a professor of cognitive science at UCSD, who was not part of the Gentner research team.

Marc Hauser, director of Harvard University's Cognitive Evolution Laboratory, who conducted the tamarin monkey experiment, said Gentner's study was important and exciting, showing that "some of the cognitive sources that we deploy may be shared with other animals."

But Hauser said it still doesn't quite disprove a key paper he wrote in 2002 with Chomsky. The starlings are grasping a basic grammar, but not the necessary semantics to have the language ability that he and Chomsky wrote about.

Hauser said Gentner's study showed him he should have tried to train his monkeys instead of just letting them try to recognize recursive grammar instinctively. But starlings may be more apt vocalizers and have a better grasp of language than non-human primates. Monkeys may be trapped like Franz Kafka's Gregor Samsa, a man metamorphosized into a bug and unable to communicate with the outside world, Hauser suggested.

This photo provided by the University of California at San Diego shows an undated photo of a starling, the sturnus vulgaris. According to a study published in the April 27, 2006 journal 'Nature' , the songbirds can learn a basic grammar form, and differentiate between a regular bird 'sentence' and one interrupted by a clause or a phrase. (AP Photo/University of California at San Diego, Daniel Baleckaitis)
AP Photo: This photo provided by the University of California at San Diego shows an undated photo...

Friday, April 28, 2006

en pied

When I walk out the front of my building (facing north) I’m struck by the temperature drop that chills me until I can cross the edge of the building’s shadow. Now that I think about it, that shadow is a major factor on much of the “nature” in my life (I’m going to initially define nature as organisms except homo sapiens, though I’d also like to reserve the right to alter that definition if I can successfully formulate a less human-damning one.). The shadow has determined which plants I can best cultivate in my north windows vs. windows to the south and west. My goosefoot and spider plants do well no matter where I place them, but have always excelled in that shadow and in the summers that wall becomes my personal Little Shop of Horrors. I have a jade plant that never grew an inch until I introduced it to the shadow; now the once quarter-sized leaves stretch to the size of…well, something bigger than a quarter, or any coin that I know of. The grass and landscaped plants in the courtyard have a different life from the rest of the yard. The grass is always sparse come spring, just like that northside grass in front of McGowan (before they placed that distinct strip of sod recently), damaged from days of snow cover that took forever to melt, just sitting there driving down the temperature of that already chilled shadow. Why can’t landscaping take advantage of grasses that are adapted to cooler and moister conditions (e.g. C3 plants)? I’m guessing that the heartier grasses must not be rated as attractive, because so far in life, the attraction and/or value of plants seems completely subjective and decided by someone in the past and talked into existence (like the “inherent” value of Chicago as touted by ye old boosters). Or maybe it's the soil issue because this soil was definitely brought in when the building was rehabbed; perhaps more sandy particles in the soil in this corner would help increase the drainage. Besides the wimpy grass that can’t handle the shadow, there also lilies doomed to a life of no reproduction, while their un-shadowed cohorts flower like crazy in their sunny luxury locales.

And speaking of landscaping, that’s the ticket in Lincoln Square. I’m glad that I noticed the return of songbirds this spring because I also noticed that we had about two weeks before the next spring creatures moved in like a modified seasonal succession. The crazy fast moving landscapers who strap on fossil-fueled equipment, wielding them like efficient extensions of their bodies, these lawn care cyborgs crawl all over the my block with the raspy, stuttering engine noises that are as common as the mourning dove tunes.

As I walk southbound towards Foster Ave., the landscaping becomes less and the gardens start to dominate. The trees were definitely employed in the promenade style and as refuge to border front doors!








Currently, one could make a drinking game out of tulip sightings and be well hung-over for the next two days. It reminds me of Candyland when I see an especially colorful bunch, but I think my favorite is the one that seems not to belong, like some cover story waiting to happen (A tulip grows in Chicago).
The rogue tulip is short, only 5 inches off the ground and the edges of the petals & leaves are wrinkled as though the thing had a very rough time in development. The location is interesting as well because it’s near no other tulip in a piece of yard that maybe measures 2 – 3 feet in length, so the tulip is very close to the sidewalk. While it doesn’t appear to have been trampled, the tulip looks dusty and it occurs to me that all of the gardens I see are borders that literally hug the houses or separated plots within fences or some other protection from public territory. Have I ever seen a garden so close to a sidewalk, edging a lot line? Usually if a landscapes area is near to a sidewalk it comes with fences, or it contains species of more hearty character, like evergreen shrubs.

My neighborhood also employs plants to help decorate the utilitarian roundabouts meant to slow down traffic. The plants are a nice touch, though clearly less managed then the surrounding yards. I have never seen any person working on those plants and I wonder who maintains them or if they're left to maintain themselves. I can't recognize much…I tried to i.d. them, but even with a field guide I don't have much luck. The broad leaf shrub towards the center looks familiar, but the guide seems to be oriented for users who already know a plant's name (If I knew the name I wouldn't need the guide). I do recognize the tall species up front, with the straight black shoot and yellow eye spots - it's the caution plant, evolved to warn oncoming vehicles of the obstruction. As the worn curb illustrates, the strategy is only successful to a certain degree.

Once I arrive at Foster and manage to cross the street I’m in River Park, which borders where the Chicago River and canal come together. There's a trail that stretches with the water until nearly Lawrence Avenue at the south and back up to Patterson to the north, and across several different parks. I never use the trail – it meanders more and takes too long for someone rushing to school, and also part of the trail is lowered and not visible from the street so I have to account for my serial killers, etc., who may find easy recreation down there. The trees in River Park seem nice and diverse at first - until I start trying to identify them.








The maples aren’t difficult thanks to the leaf growth:
Silver maple?
Norway maple?

I only noticed one honey locust, so I guess the mayor hasn’t made it up this far northwest yet or the park is producing enough dappled light without the thorny trees. Although I'm not having great success with the tree id, I think I've identified the following:
Catalpa
mostly because it had last year's pods still underneath!
Crabapple?










I thought recognized a mulberry tree just because every summer this sidewalk becomes a treacherous trail of slick deep red mulberry slime. However, these leaves look simple and opposite and every source I checked only listed one mulberry with simple leaves (red mulberry) and they were alternate. Must be one of the HAM trees, so maybe it's an Ash. I'll have to keep working on this one.








I noticed that the park floral arrangements are housed in large, raised, triangular wood boxes. The rest of the plants are those lilies again, but only along the cemented paths. The rest of the grass is intermittently rubbed-out, which seems sufficiently correlated with the many soccer and volleyball areas. I appreciate the freedom to both enjoy managed landscape designs and the more barren recreational areas. The park has a nice usage balance. The corners of the parks and some residential blocks are great for floral decoration too. I actually saw a women tending to one of these and asked her if she worked for the city. She was a volunteer and belonged to the Ravenswood Garden Association, a group that tends to the public lands of these small islands of garden. I like to think that those little corner mini-forests house all types of animals. Those islands were very frustrating when I was searching for a lost cat last summer; so much of what is gardened in the neighborhood was potential refuge for a stray or wild animal.

The wild animals abound in this community, I always find myself in the company of a few avian species in this park: mallards, Canada geese, and sea gulls. I always pass them in the early mornings and it’s no doubt related to the mysterysomeone who comes and sprinkles bread chunks even earlier in the mornings. The bread is always very close to the sidewalk and these birds don’t flinch when I walk by. I’m not sure they even notice me. Unlike the gray squirrels who eat their bread while starring me down. And when they are in between mouthfuls they yell out, no doubt warning their family about the evil two legged monster passing through. Eat the bread squirrel, we both know you’ll be jumping in and out of trash cans later. And if anyone questioned the research showing that gray squirrels dominate in areas of dog populations, come visit my neighborhood. So far I’m still under half of a mile, and I’ve counted 16 dogs, only one of which was actually in the designated dog area. And in this dog run stands onerottweiler who is standing and watching what [I assume is] its owner, who is engaging in deep knee bends. Why do they come to the dog park to have the man exercise while the dog watches? It’s normally the other way around.

Whether one braves the entire river trail or sticks to the street level sidewalk, both paths end at the North Branch Pump Station at Lawrence and Francisco.






The trees up until the station are fine,




but curiously enough, all the trees on the facility’s property look less than well





The splendor of the field is interrupted by dense steam that this apparatus emits. I don’t know enough about water treatment to know what that’s all about, but I see dogs rolling on it in a crazy intoxicated way. And that’s enough evidence for me to stay away since dogs have two main criteria for rolling: dead and fecal.

I also notice that as I walk past the facility, I can see the heavy traffic up ahead on Lawrence but I can’t hear the traffic. What a bonus! I attempted to record how far I could walk before the noise infiltrates the serene surroundings. I make it to approximately 6 feet away from the curb. I wonder if that could possibly be an intentional design component. Before I cross Lawrence I want to mention the Lawrence Youth Hall that sits across the street from the water treatment building. There’s an area of gardens with all the dead plants from last year’s growing season. I know that this hall serves a certain “disadvantaged” population of students and I wonder what role the garden plays. Is it to help civilize the kids like the old traditional park notions, or if it’s a life skill tool that attempts to connect them to their ecosystem like the program Amber Kim Dewey discussed in her mention of city farm? Are those two options any different?

Anyway, crossing Lawrence means crossing a bridge in order to get to a place where the traffic naturally slows down enough to provide crossing opportunities. I notice first that the metal of the bridge is decorated , that the treatment center looks much more regal from the back, and that the lowered position of the river and trail not only provides natural refuge for the homeless population that uses this space, but also provides a perfect place to fish.

The bridge is lined with blooming crabapple trees that further hide homeless men as they steal from the Salvation Army drop-off box, an event I'm sorry I noticed during this walk. I’m sure these men feel the sting of the large building that was recently knocked down, leaving nothing but one huge section of nothing but rubble. I’m happy to cross Lawrence and get away from this beautiful nature façade brimming with some of the worst that urban habitats have to offer.

Across the street is a giant factory – Summit Industries – and in three years of living in this area I’ve never identified what they do. I’ve also not searched very hard because until you Google something, have you really even tried? But the reason I mention the factory is that instead of hating it as a big break in a really beautiful landscape, I notice that the people inside like to throw food out the windows that face the river. I know it’s officially frowned upon to feed wild animals, but like the earlier park bread, this food attracts some of the usual characters in mallards, Canada geese, sometimes seagulls (although I should mention that their presence is usually related to stormy weather that I assume drives them inland), and sometimes even what I think are muskrats! I’ve seen a turtle once here too, however I have to attribute these latter sightings to the fallen tree that seems to offer good shelter and sun bathing spots (turtle). I like the feeding despite the potentially harmful consequences because I like encountering all this animal behavior. I know in a few weeks I’ll be seeing little yellow chicks added to the scene and I wonder how it is that I see more wildlife here in Chicago then I did back home in rural Ohio. Am I just noticing and appreciating it more since nature is so harshly contrasted in an urban environment? I’d to think it has something to do with the lack of time I spend in a car since moving to Chicago. I definitely feel that being able to leave my car behind is a luxury, especially when it results in seeing these animals do their thing on a daily basis.

One past the factory it’s a sharp turn south on Manor for two more blocks of nicely manicured lawns before I arrive at the Francisco Brown line stop. The turn results in a dramatic change in scenery and in fact, it's so dramatic that people have worn a trail cutting the turn even shorter.
The shortcut is a welcome reprieve from the loud traffic noise. Again I notice the traffic noise buffer effect. Here it’s more pronounced and I wonder if it’s (1.) due to the large amount of trees or (2.) the departure from the city’s famous grid layout. These blocks have an added charm effect by the local diagonal streets that dead end within a couple of blocks but make easy paths throughout the neighborhood. I think this is the heart of Ravenswood/Albany Park now. Immediately after the turn onto Manor there is a park. Arthur J. LaPointe park is the name, thouth unrecognized by the Chicago Park District. It’s really one lot next to the first house on the block, but apparently the yard belongs to the city and is officially deemed to be a park. I Like to think that Mr. LaPointe once owned this lot and that it now preserves his name. I also wonder if he's buried under one of the few mounds of flowers. New this year in the LaPointe Park, is the community garden. I think this garden will fit in nicely here. Ther are plenty of flowers – again mostly those candyland tulips – and even the fences are high, wooden, and appear to be for the benefit of passer-by as much as for the property owner! My favorite house has an abundance of birdhouses. The cafés that border the train tracks offer outdoor seating as soon as our weather allows. Water bowls and treats are unofficially compulsory here to further our collective choice to live with nature.

I’m okay with urban existence because I feel much more connected to the different microhabitats that I encounter on a neighborhood scale. However, I’m painfully aware of the fact that my Chicago is north Chicago. I’m not sure what else to say after that because it’s a sad thought to know the city can’t offer this just as consistently in the south and west sides.

Friday, April 14, 2006

24 Plots South and 16 North...

I went out early this morning with Murphy to assess the plots and determine which ones, realistically, can be used in the experiment, and which ones will be ruled out. The magic number is 24 plots in the south and 16 plots in the north. This will give us 5 replicates of our 8 (minimum) treatments. We walked plot by plot, and decided that any any plot dominated by prairielike plants would be set aside - these plot probably do not have much chance of being successfully restored, but nevertheless they are not typical of the high buckthorn impact.

We were as conservative as possible and when we had walked all 42 of the 7x7 m areas that we (as a class) had marked out we totted up the total: 24! Assessing the northern section we were optimistic that we will fit 16 there. If all goes according to plan everything will work well.

Tomorrow morning (7am!) I will meet Bev out on the site and she will make the final descision. I'll keep you posted. It might just work out fine.

Wednesday, April 12, 2006

Fieldwork April 12th 2006 - moving plots and earthworm huntin'







Well, this seems pretty clear - there is almost twice as much earthworm biomass (when all are added together and the total weight of worm mass is weighed) per unit area in our experimental plots than in the high grade prairie. This is interesting in a number of ways:
1. This confirms what we were supposing (based upon previous work) that the soil (and the biology of soils) differs after buckthorn has been growing there for some time.
2. It seems to suggest that native prairie is susceptible to invasion. That being stated the biomass is pretty small.
3. Earthworm biomass will be worth monitoring in years to come - it may be a useful index of recovery.

To obtain the above graph I removed the first buckthorn sample from the analysis. I did this, not because it I did not 'like ' the result, but rather because the fact that the soil had clearly been saturated with rain which made it unable to support any earthworms (in fact there were 2 very small worms in the sample). The statistical analysis performed was a two-tailed t-test which was significant (p<0.01), meaning that for us to conclude that there was a difference in biomass between these populations is reasonable.

(If the outlying sample remains in the analysis the results of a one-tailed t-test remain significant).

Sunday, April 09, 2006

First Field Day - Sunday 9th April 2006









Work Accomplished

We established 52, 7m x 7 m plots in the south end of the site. Most are in the area recently cleared by ComEd. The site steward is concerned that we are a little close to the high quality prairie and I have suggested that we move the plots further south (about 2 m). Although this is inconvenient it should not take us very long - after I hear from Bev confirming that this is acceptable we will do this on Wednesday next.

Captions for the photographs? - all seemly suggestions as comment please!

Saturday, April 08, 2006

Kim's Kunstler Kontemplations

Kunstler’s discussion of Dutch influence on early America in chapter 2 combined with his discussion about the Age of Reason (ch. 4) and its Romantic backlash (resulting in Transcendentalism once post-war America caught-up) reminded me of another popular book. Michael Pollan’s Botany of Desire gives an interesting view of what was happening in Europe, specifically Holland, during this same time period of early to mid 1600’s. This was the time of Holland’s initial love affair with tulips resulting in an economic high that eventually collapsed due to an overexploited market. According to Pollan, the height of the tulip craze culminated in prices as high as ten thousand guilders for one tulip bulb! Pollen sets his tulip story in the context of plant evolutionary strategies and explores the idea that plants have managed to employ humans, involving mankind to do the leg work (pun intended) that plants themselves cannot physically accomplish. Sounds crazy, maybe, but the tulip example is one illustration of man's intent to build currency based on nature – what Kunstler identifies as the roots (this pun is unintended!) of American perspectives of nature as a commodity to be used unchecked and the dire potential consequences. Kunstler and Cronon point out the American employment of nature through agricultural staples brought by settlers to domesticate the new wilderness, and applying Pollan’s ideas fits in an exciting manner.

The grains that prospered so well in American agriculture did so by becoming indispensable to man – leaving Europe behind was an adventure they were willing to face, but not without the familiar favorite foods from home that they knew how to cultivate thanks to the Age of Reason. These grains, like the tulip-frenzied Holland that the new American settlers left behind, had an extraordinary evolutionary advantage thanks to the aggressive stewardship fueled by human desires. Pollan explores the idea further with apples, potatoes, and marijuana (again Holland comes up) – all as plants that have really prospered by becoming linked to human needs and ultimately money! Plants are seen as exploiting man just as much as we usually think about man exploiting plants…maybe the plants (and nature) really do have us snowed, which in itself would turn the Age of Reason on its head!

We ourselves, as a class, are even planting corn in a prairie that was somehow spared from finite demise at the hands of agriculture and development! This is ironic, isn’t it (or as de Certeau would’ve said, “n’est-ce pas?”)!!
KIM

Trouble In The Tulip Bed
An Odd Ode by Paul Lynde
I don't know what to say.
A tulip talked to me today.
I was trimming the hedge
Quite near the mountain ledge
When lo and behold
My blood ran cold.
Yes, a tulip screamed at me today!
It was my favorite, the one I call Blanche.
She puckered up her petals and screamed "Avalanche!"
Yes, a tulip saved my life today.
Now you may not think this quite so much.
But you see most tulips speak Dutch.

Thursday, April 06, 2006

Thoreau and DeCerteau

Your first set of readings for this class are on 'walking' - one is called "Walking in the City" by Michel deCerteau (published 1984), the other, 'Walking' by Henry David Thoreau (published 1862). Though unified by the theme of walking, the contrasts are strong. DeCerteau's is a meditation about the power of the pedestrian in the metropolis to subvert to intentions of the elite - planners, develops, architects. It begins with an inspection of Manhattan from the top of the World Trade Centre. Thoreau's essay starts with the incandescent line "I wish to speak a word for nature, for absolute freedom and wildness...". Clearly, Thoreau's concerns are those beyond the town's perimeter. The two together present a curious study in opposition - nature and culture, wilderness and city, ecosystem and anthrosystem. But there is more than just pure opposition here. Both essayists are concerned about human freedom, both are concerned with how the individual navigates herself through the world.Your reading, and your discussion, should begin with a straightforward attempt to unravel the meaning of these texts. After this, we will try to travel further into the significance of essays and their connections with the themes of the course.

Some Examples of Environmental Blogs

Depeche Thoreau

After reading the two different perspectives of urban space I questioned the time difference between the city of Thoreau’s lifetime compared to de Certeau’s. The Practice of Everyday Life was published in 1974, which on one hand could explain why the two authors viewed cities so differently. On the other hand, however, when I envision city living during the 1970’s it’s difficult to suppress the images of drastic urban decline complete with inner city modern ghettos isolated from public resources, vastly abandoned buildings awaiting bitter relief through arson, and the vacant unmanaged lots that are the modern day trademarks of environmental and social decay. This is the stuff that sent Thoreau forever walking west and so why aren’t the two chapters more similar?

Given the state of urban centers when de Certeau wrote this chapter, it impresses me that he manages to separate the physical space of the city from the “pollutions” brought in by man-made systems. The city itself is appreciated for the ideal concept it could be and defined based on human movement. I find de Certeau’s city refreshing for the possibility of resisting socio-political burdens through the mere act of allowing the city to exist as experience. Though Thoreau also uses his walking to resist the indoor-bound lifestyle he sees as embodied by the city, his criticisms existed at a time when choosing a life outside of the city wasn’t the luxury that it became with time: a major contemporary urban issue is that the choice to leave city residence has been unequally available across class and racial boundaries. I find his perspective not only slightly unrealistic for today, but also very critical in a non-constructive and judgmental way that ultimately came across as elitist.

The view of urban space presented by de Certeau appears more responsible than Thoreau’s condemnation. Thoreau completely abandons the urban space and argues for the reader to follow suit, but if everyone likewise vacated all urban spaces the result would certainly resemble the troubled inner cities that are the orphans of the mass exodus to suburbia that became predominant in the last half of the 20th century. Talk about environmental irresponsibility! Those aiming for conservation of landscapes would be remiss to continually align themselves with motivations steeped purely in Thoreau-like avoidance. I’m especially fond of the de Certeau’s comparison of urban walking to speech and communication on page 98 where he illustrates his point with an image of Charlie Chaplin and cane. The notion that moving through the city affirms the city’s existence while simultaneously creating new ways for the city to exist provides such strong insistence for meaningful experience despite urban location. The passage also speaks clearly to the goal of conserving and restoring urban landscapes as we would like today, by going “beyond the limits that the determinants of the object set on its utilization.”

I’ve read Thoreau before and I just adored him (as well as Transcendentalism in general, for that matter) when I was teenager and initially forming my understanding of environmentalism. I lived in rural Ohio then and I can’t help but wonder how much of my new reaction to Thoreau is due to becoming a proud (and perhaps defensive) urban resident since! KIM